California Guide

Last Updated: 12/31/2025

Note: This guide covers statewide requirements. Some counties or cities may have additional procedures or regulations that are not listed here — always check with the local sheriff or police department before applying or purchasing. This information is for general guidance and is not legal advice.

Quick Cheat Sheet

Buying a Gun:

Minimum age: 21 (exceptions do exist, see section below.)
Licensing: Required. Buyers must posses a valid and current Firearms Safety Certificate (FSC).
Dealer sales background check: Required.
Waiting period: 10 days
Private sales: Private sales allowed in name only – all sales must be processed through an FFL with a required background check.

Concealed Carry:

Permit required? Required.
If permit required: Shall-issue – authorities must issue if applicant meets statutory criteria.
Training required? Yes – minimum 16 hours.
Out-of-state permit recognition: No.

Special Notes:

California has strict ammunition purchase rules, universal background checks for all firearm transfers, a 10 day waiting period, and bans on high-capacity magazines and assault weapons.

How to Buy a Gun in California

Prerequisites

Age: 21 for all firearms (limited exemptions for law enforcement officers, active-duty military, and individuals 18–20 purchasing long guns with a valid hunting license; certain antique or curio firearms may also be exempt from the age restriction).
Residency: Must be a U.S. citizen or legal resident. Residency is required for all firearm purchases in California.
ID requirements: Valid and current government-issued ID. Further proof of residency may be required.
Prohibited-person highlights: Felons, domestic violence misdemeanors or restraining orders, unlawful drug users, fugitives, those adjudicated mentally defective or committed, and other federally prohibited categories.

Obtaining a Firearms Safety Certificate

Visit a Federal Firearms License (FFL) dealer or certified instructor who offers FSC testing.
Present current and valid government-issued photo ID with proof of age.
Take a 30-question multiple-choice written test on firearm safety and laws.
Score at least 75% to pass.
Pay any required fees ($25).
The certificate is valid for 5 years from the date of issue.

Dealer Purchase Steps

Visit a Federal Firearms License (FFL) dealer.
Present current and valid government-issued photo ID, proof of residency, your current and valid FSC and complete the ATF Form 4473.
Dealer conducts a background check through the California DROS system (Dealers Record of Sale) which also queries the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS).
Complete the mandatory 10 day waiting period.
If approved, complete safe handling demonstration at pickup.

Private Sales / Gun Shows

All private transfers and gun show sales must go through a licensed dealer (FFL).
Both parties must be present for DROS processing and background check.
No direct, unmediated private transfers are legal.

Special Categories / Exceptions

The same 10 day waiting period and background check apply to all firearm types.
Short-barreled rifles, short-barreled shotguns, suppressors, and other NFA items are prohibited under state law.
Out-of-state residents generally cannot purchase firearms in California without establishing residency.
A limit of one handgun or one semiautomatic centerfire rifle may be purchased within any 30-day period.

Waiting Period & Timing

Waiting period (days): 10 days.
Notes / exceptions: Exceptions exist only for Law Enforcement and transfers between dealers.

Common Pitfalls / Practical Tips

Confirm dealer requirements for proof of residency.
You can obtain your FSC the same day you purchase a firearm and begin the 10-day wait. It does not need to be done ahead of time, since FSCs can be issued immediately upon successful completion of the exam.
Ensure all information on the ATF Form 4473 is accurate to avoid delays.
If DROS is delayed, dealers may be required to hold the firearm per federal rules.

Dealers cannot release the firearm before 10 full 24-hour periods have elapsed.
Federal law creates various exceptions for law enforcement and military personnel which are not covered by these guides. Consult your official sources.
Marijuana users of any kind are prohibited under federal law from possessing firearms. The ATF and many courts treat a medical marijuana card as presumptive evidence of unlawful use. Marijuana use while possessing a firearm is a felony, though recent court rulings are challenging this, and the Supreme Court has taken up a relevant case with a ruling likely in June or July of 2026.

How to Carry Concealed in California

System Type

May-issue in statute, effectively shall-issue after NYSRPA v. Bruen (2022). Licensing authorities retain procedural discretion but cannot deny based on “good cause.”

Prerequisites

Age: 21
Residency: Must be a U.S. citizen or legal resident. California residency in county or city of application (New exceptions exist for those traveling to CA who wish to obtain a permit, process will not be covered here until the legislature addresses new legislation in this regard).
Training: Minimum 16 hours of approved instruction (8 hours for renewals).
Disqualifying factors: Felony convictions, certain misdemeanor convictions, pending criminal proceedings, adjudicated mental incompetence, and any condition that makes the applicant prohibited under federal law (e.g., involuntary commitment or unlawful controlled substance use). This list is not exhaustive, consult an official resource (official list of disqualifying factors can be found here).

Application Steps

Carry Concealed Weapons Licenses (CCW) are applied for at your local county sheriff or police department.
Complete the CCW application form (many cities and counties offer online application options). It is important to be completely honest when filling out this form – including the disclosure of previously expunged or sealed records. A common reason for denial is false information on the application. There also potential criminal consequences for knowingly giving false information on the application.
Any firearms you wish to carry concealed must be listed on the application.
Three references are required and at least one of these references must be someone you cohabitate with if applicable.
Some local agencies may require a psychological evaluation, usually at your expense, usually using the same psychologist used to screen new officer applicants. This is not required by state statute but is exceedingly common within California.
Provide fingerprints and passport-style photo (fingerprint processing fee applies, photo requirements vary by county, check official local resource).
Once you are given preliminary clearance, you are given the go-ahead to complete your firearms training class and typically a list of approved training vendors (see note below).
Submit proof of completion of an approved firearms training class.
Pay required fees.
Issuing agency runs background checks; if approved, license is issued and mailed. License is valid for 2 years.

Training Requirements

Hours: 16 hours initial, 8 hours renewal.
Proficiencies required: Written and live fire demonstration.
Instructor certification: Must be recognized by your specific licensing authority.

Processing Time

Statutory requirements: As of SB2 (2024) California law requires licensing authorities to provide an initial determination within 90 days of receiving a completed application. Final approval or denial must be communicated within 120 days of receiving the application, or 30 days after receipt of the Department of Justice background check, whichever is later.
Reality on the ground: Processing time still depends widely by county. In some localities typical processing time is reported as 30–90 days. However, Placer County currently reports processing times in the neighborhood of 6 months, and Los Angeles County has just settled litigation over wait times that had reached the two year mark and is being sued yet again, this time by the DOJ. Check with your issuing authority for the best real time estimate.

License validity period

Initial: 2 years
Renewal: 2 years

Restrictions / Prohibited Places

Schools (K–12) and school grounds (including school-sponsored events).
Polling places on Election Day.
Courts, jails, and correctional facilities.
While posted “no guns” signs on private property carry no legal force, you may still be asked to leave.
Bars, restaurants, or establishments that derive a substantial portion of revenue from alcohol sales (unless not consuming alcohol while carrying).
Secured areas of airports, nuclear facilities, and certain government buildings where firearms are restricted by federal law.
Public transit.
Places of worship (unless the property owner allows firearms).
Financial institutions.
Hospitals and medical facilities.
Zoos, museums, and amusement parks (including parking areas).
Playgrounds and parks (including state parks).
Casinos and stadiums (including attached parking areas).
Public gatherings or events requiring a permit.
Do not carry while consuming alcohol; carrying while consuming alcohol is illegal and punishable by law.
This is not exhaustive, consult your official resources.

Reciprocity

Out-of-state permits recognized: No.
State permits recognized elsewhere? Somewhat limited; check reciprocity maps and official resources ahead of any travel.
Exceptions / caveats: None. California does not recognize any out of state licenses.

Denial & Appeal Process

Applicants denied a CCW may appeal in writing to the issuing authority.
Further recourse is available via judicial review.
Denials based on disqualifying factors generally cannot be overturned without expungement or restoration of rights.

Common Pitfalls / Practical Tips

While there is conflicting information on the timing of training, Arm the Dolls researchers reached out to multiple CA Police Departments for clarification. All departments we contacted stated that training should not be completed until preliminary clearance is granted, and must be completed with a pre-approved vendor.
CCW processing includes a search of publicly-available information, this includes social media – processors will be looking for any signs that applicants may not be capable of safely and lawfully carrying a firearm.
Delays due to incomplete Live Scan fingerprint results are common.
Training certificates must match current DOJ-approved course format.
Carrying in prohibited places can result in serious penalties.
Carrying while intoxicated can result in serious penalties.
Ensure your CCW is renewed before expiration to avoid legal issues.
Federal law creates various exceptions for law enforcement and military personnel which are not covered by these guides. Consult your official sources.

Associated Fees

Firearm Safety Certificate: $25 – required before any firearm purchase (valid for 5 years).
Concealed Carry Permit (CCW): Varies by county — typically ranges from about $100 to $400+ depending on the issuing agency. Fees often consist of a smaller non-refundable application fee paid at submission and a larger issuance fee paid only if/when approved. Live Scan (fingerprint/DOJ) fees and firearms training costs are usually charged separately. Check the issuing county or city police/sheriff CCW page for the exact current amounts.
Concealed Carry Permit Renewal: Varies by county — typically ranges from $50 to $200+, depending on the issuing agency. Fees usually cover background check processing; Live Scan or updated firearms training fees may be charged separately. Some counties require completion of a DOJ-approved training course or range qualification for renewal. Check your issuing county or city police/sheriff CCW page for current amounts and requirements.
Other Fees / Notes: California Dealer’s Record of Sale(DROS) fee is $37.19. Fees may exist at FFL’s for safe handling demonstrations and private party transfers.

Trans-Specific Considerations

Name or Gender Marker Changes in Progress

FSC and Firearm Purchases: Your ID must be current and valid at the time of purchase. If your name and / or gender marker change is finalized but your ID has not yet been updated, you may face delays or denial. If possible, complete your ID update before attempting to purchase.
CCW Applications: CCW permit processing times vary widely in California and as such may create particular complications for trans people who undergo a name change. If you submit an application and your legal name and / or gender marker changes during processing, notify your issuing authority immediately. Failure to update your information could result in application denial or a permit issued under an incorrect name, which may create legal complications when carrying.
Form 4473 Accuracy: The ATF Form 4473 must reflect your current legal name as it appears on your government-issued ID. The form also asks for sex information; at present, using the gender marker on your current government-issued ID is the standard practice. Using identifying information that does not match your ID could constitute providing false information and may result in denial or legal consequences.
Practical implications: It cannot be overstated that in California it is important if at all possible to complete all legal name and gender marker changes and obtain updated government ID before beginning the firearms purchase or permit application process. This avoids potential complications with background checks and application processing.

Updating an Existing Firearm Safety Certificate (FSC) After Name or Gender Marker Change

No official guidance exists: California law does not provide clear direction on whether an FSC remains valid after a legal name change, or how to update an existing FSC with a new name. We have reached out to the California Attorney General’s office for clarification and will update if and when we hear back.
Dealer-specific policies: Because there is no official process, policies may vary by dealer. Some dealers may require proof of a name change, some may reject any purchase until a new FSC has been applied for under your new name and received. Let your dealer know ahead of time so that you have an understanding of what their requirements will be.
Practical implications: If feasible, retaking the FSC test after a name change could avoid potential complications at point of sale. The test does cost $25 but may save significant trouble.

Updating an Existing CCW Permit After Name or Gender Marker Change

Where to update: Contact your original issuing agency (typically your county sheriff or police chief) for local guidance on updating your documentation. Any name and / or gender marker changes should be finalized before beginning this process and applied for at the same time if applicable.
Required documentation: You will need to provide proof of your legal name and / or gender marker change, such as a court order, updated birth certificate, or other official documentation.
Update process: Varies by County. Some agencies will issue an amended permit, while others may require you to submit a new application. Contact your issuing authority ahead of time for exact guidance.
Processing fee: Varies by county.
Processing time: Varies by county.
Important note on carrying: Your CCW permit should reflect your current legal name and gender before you carry concealed. A mismatch between your ID and permit could create complications during a law enforcement encounter.
Verify county-specific requirements: Contact your issuing authority directly to understand their specific process, timeline, and any associated fees.

Updating Firearm Records in the Automated Firearms System (AFS) After Name Change

What is the AFS: The Automated Firearms System is California’s database of firearm ownership records, populated through purchases/transfers at licensed dealers, CCW permit records, registered assault weapons, and law enforcement entries.
Why update is important:
- Ammunition purchases: If your information at the ammunition vendor doesn’t match your AFS records, the transaction will be denied.
- CCW applications: Issuing authorities check the AFS to verify firearm ownership when processing CCW applications. Mismatched records could complicate and delay your application.
How to update: You update your AFS information through the California Firearms Application Reporting System (CFARS) website (found here). The California Attorney General’s website offers a guide to updating your AFS information (found here).
Associated fees: There is no fee for updating your AFS records.
Documentation needed: You will need a valid and current California Driver License, California ID, or Military ID number to complete the update.

Notes:

Arm the Dolls has reached out to the California Attorney General’s Office for clarification and future guide updates on two issues of importance to the trans community:
- How to handle a name change while undergoing CCW processing.
- Whether an update to an FSC is required, and if so, how to do so.
There are ongoing regulatory developments regarding sex designation requirements on Form 4473. We are monitoring this situation and will update this guide as more information becomes available.

California-Specific Considerations

Local ordinance preemption: Partial – state preempts most, but localities regulate discharge, possession in public buildings, and sensitive areas.
Assault weapons / magazine limits: Yes – bans on “assault weapons” by feature; magazines over 10 rounds prohibited.
ERPO / Red flag laws: Yes – allows family, employers, school staff, and law enforcement to petition courts for temporary firearm removal. A new bill extends a pilot program which also allows prosecutors to directly petition courts for temporary firearm removal in Alameda, El Dorado, Santa Clara, and Ventura counties.
Registration requirements: Yes – all dealer sales registered through DROS.
Safe storage laws: Yes – California law requires firearm owners to securely store firearms when minors or other prohibited persons are likely to gain access, and it imposes criminal penalties for non-compliance.
Transportation rules: Must be unloaded and stored in a locked container or trunk. Ammunition may be transported in the same container, provided the firearm is not loaded. CCW holders may carry a loaded, concealed handgun listed on their permit, subject to place and permit restrictions.
Other unique issues: Microstamping required for new handgun models; serialization required for self-built firearms. New handguns with “cruciform trigger bars” banned as of 01/01/2026 – private party sales still allowed through FFL mediation. This restriction effectively prohibits sales of new Glock models until compliance is met. The NRA has launched a lawsuit to challenge this ban – updates will be made here as to the status of the law.

Official Links & Documents

State Statutes / Codes

Official California Statute and Bill Resource

State Police / Firearms Division

California Bureau of Firearms

Permit Applications / Forms

California CCW Initial and Renewal Application

Attorney General Opinions / Court Decisions

Other Official Resources

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can non-residents buy a gun in this state?
No. Firearm purchases require California residency and a state-issued ID.

Are private sales required to do background checks?
Yes. All private transfers must go through a licensed dealer with a background check.

How long is the waiting period?
10 days – applies to all firearm purchases and transfers.

What is the minimum age to buy a handgun?
21 years (same for long guns, with limited exceptions).

Do I need a permit to carry concealed?
Yes. A CCW issued by your local sheriff or police department is required.

Where am I prohibited from carrying even with a permit?
Schools (K–12) and school grounds (including school-sponsored events); polling places on Election Day; courts, jails, and correctional facilities; posted private property (“no guns” signs carry no legal force but failure to leave when asked would still be trespassing); bars, restaurants, or establishments deriving substantial revenue from alcohol sales (unless not consuming alcohol while carrying); secured areas of airports, nuclear facilities, and certain government buildings where firearms are restricted by federal law; public transit; places of worship (unless the property owner allows firearms); financial institutions; hospitals and medical facilities; zoos, museums, and amusement parks (including parking areas); playgrounds and parks (including state parks); casinos and stadiums (including attached parking areas); public gatherings or events requiring a permit; do not carry while consuming alcohol — carrying while consuming alcohol is illegal and punishable by law. This is not exhaustive; consult your official resources.

Are ghost guns or unserialized guns legal?
No. All self-built firearms must be serialized and registered with the DOJ.

Are out-of-state permits recognized here?
No. California does not honor any other state’s permits.

How long does the permit process typically take?
30–90 days depending on local agency workload.

What happens if my concealed carry permit is denied?
You may appeal to the issuing authority and pursue judicial review.